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Informality and Structural Transformation in Egypt, Iraq and Jordan

Informality is a complex, multi-faceted phenomenon that encompasses a diverse array of activities, transactions, and individuals, operating largely outside formal businesses but, to a different extent, also inside them. It represents a critical, yet problematic component of global economic activity; that is: while informality can be a coping mechanism towards poverty alleviation when the economy is not producing enough formal jobs, high levels of structural informality expose economies to long-term vulnerabilities, which may be further reinforced when shocks hit them.In light of the pervasiveness and persistence of informality in the MENA region and the increasing exposure to global and regional shocks, the ILO, OECD, and UNDP have joined forces to advocate for effective forward-looking policies in MENA countries that create resilience while considering their possible impact on formalisation. This joint report reflects the work so far conducted, which involved:Desk research and a series of consultations with policy makers were conducted in a group of three countries, namely Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan, with a view to broadening the scope to more countries at a later stage of the joint activity. The analysis focused on the short and long-term impact of policy measures adopted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.The preliminary conclusions were discussed at the ILO-OECD-UNDP Workshop on Addressing Informality in the MENA Region in Times of Shocks, held at the OECD Istanbul Centre in November 2022. The discussions reflected on how countries capitalised on emergency measures enforced during recurrent social and economic shocks to implement a long-term reform agenda to address underlying structural vulnerabilities of the informal economy and thereby gradually encourage formalisation.The elaboration of an original framework for assessing the impact of selected economic and social policies, particularly policy measures implemented as a response to the COVID 19 pandemic, on formalisation of jobs and businesses.

SOLIFEM

Guidance on leveraging sustainability pathways to accelerate formalization

This guidance note has been developed through the ongoing collaboration between the Federation of Egyptian Industries (FEI) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) within the framework of the regional project, "Social Dialogue for Formalization and Employability in the Southern Neighbourhood (SOLIFEM)," which is being implemented by the ILO and co-financed by the European Union in Egypt, among the four focus countries of the project (Algeria, Lebanon & Occupied Palestinian Territories).The primary objective of this guidance note is to show the relationship between corporate sustainability and formalization in Egypt's business landscape. It provides actionable strategies for companies to integrate sustainability into their operations while supporting formalization efforts. By showcasing pathways and entry points for sustainability, the guidance note empowers businesses to align growth with ethical practices and contribute to the transition to a formal economy.

Newsletter

EYE Forsa: Issue 2

The Gender Wage Gap in Egypt

Programme brief

Egypt Youth Employment: Working Together

Do Employers Discriminate Against Married Women? Evidence from A Field Experiment in Egypt

A No Woman’s Place: Employers’ discrimination and hiring challenges in less feminized sectors in Egypt

Newsletter n° 6 - Egypt: Towards a Holistic Approach to Labour Migration Governance and Labour Mobility in North Africa (THAMM)

ILO THAMM Results — Egypt country fiche

The ILO at Work in Africa

Success Africa VI: Sustaining the World of Work in the COVID-19 pandemic era

The sixth edition of Success Africa focuses on the world of work during the COVID-19 pandemic. It demonstrates the transformative power of collaboration between governments, the private sector, civil society, international development agencies and donors during a critical time.During the pandemic, the ILO’s collaboration with its tripartite partners had a significant impact on improving the world of work for all. The stories told in this edition therefore showcase the impact of the ILO’s projects, working with its tripartite constituents across Africa, implemented between 2020 and 2021, organized under four key themes:Creating jobsProtecting peoplePromoting dialogueAdvancing rightsIn doing so, this publication provides insight into the ILO’s initiatives in Africa. We hope it will encourage reflection and implementation of the Abidjan Declaration: Advancing Social Justice: Shaping the Future of Work in Africa.

Feasibility study on the enrolment of refugees and asylum seekers in the Egyptian Universal Health Insurance Scheme (UHIS)

Report

Promoting decent work in the African cultural and creative economy

Global Synthesis Report

Executive Summary: Review of national policy, legislative and regulatory frameworks and practice

ACCEL Africa results in Egypt

Market systems analysis of the food service sector for employment inclusion of refugees in Egypt

ILO’s support to Syrian refugees and host communities

Jobs and Private Sector Development in Rural Egypt (RAWABET)

Contributing to national and local economic development (LED) initiatives Egypt Youth Employment: Jobs and Private Sector Development in Rural Egypt (RAWABET)

Jobs and Private Sector Development in Rural Egypt (RAWABET)

A “market system” approach to promote decent work in the white goods value chain Egypt Youth Employment: Jobs and Private Sector Development in Rural Egypt (RAWABET)

Jobs and Private Sector Development in Rural Egypt (RAWABET)

Ready Made Garments Sector Egypt Youth Employment: Jobs and Private Sector Development in Rural Egypt (RAWABET)

Global Synthesis Report

Review of national policy, legislative and regulatory frameworks and practice