Working papers

Labour market reintegration of return migrant workers and former refugees in origin countries: Concepts and definitions

Labour market reintegration of return migrant workers and former refugees in origin countries - cover

Labour market reintegration of return migrant workers and former refugees in origin countries: Concepts and definitions

The return of migrant workers presents significant challenges that require specific measures for effective labour market reintegration, especially when returnees are driven by crises or personal issues. Former refugees and forced returnees often need additional support due to their unique circumstances.This paper, part of the International Labour Organization's efforts, focuses on labour market policy for reintegration, addressing the needs of skilled workers, former refugees, and both voluntary and forced returnees. It reviews existing concepts and definitions, aiming to improve policy design and ensure equal treatment for all workers.The document targets government officials, social partners, and development practitioners, providing guidelines on addressing the complexities of reintegration and measuring its success in statistical and policy terms.

20 May 2024

The effects of automation in the apparel and footwear industries and their gender dimensions: Indonesia case study

Cover for Automation in Apparel Industry in Indonesia Background paper 20

Research Paper No.20

The effects of automation in the apparel and footwear industries and their gender dimensions: Indonesia case study

15 May 2024

Imbalances between supply and demand Recent causes of labour shortages in advanced economies

ILO Working Paper 115

Imbalances between supply and demand Recent causes of labour shortages in advanced economies

6 May 2024

Institutional and labour relations regimes promoting decent working conditions for Local and Regional Government (LRG) Workers in Croatia, Germany, Greece, Spain, and Sweden

ILO Working paper 114

Institutional and labour relations regimes promoting decent working conditions for Local and Regional Government (LRG) Workers in Croatia, Germany, Greece, Spain, and Sweden

2 May 2024

Financing gap for universal social protection: Global, regional and national estimates and strategies for creating fiscal space

Cover image for the working paper Financing gap for universal social protection

ILO Working paper 113

Financing gap for universal social protection: Global, regional and national estimates and strategies for creating fiscal space

The primary aim of the study is to provide updated estimates of the financing gap to attain universal coverage for social protection floors. This estimation encompasses 133 low- and middle-income countries, and includes five income security guarantees (for children, persons with severe disabilities, mothers of newborns, older persons and the unemployed), together with essential health care. Estimates show that, for low- and middle-income countries, the financing gap to achieve universal coverage of social protection floors is 3.3 per cent of GDP annually. However, for low-income countries, the financing gap is an overwhelming 52.3 per cent of their GDP annually. In 2024, for low- and middle-income countries, the additional government spending needed to achieve universal social protection represents 10.6 per cent of their annual government expenditure, or 31.6 per cent of their social protection expenditure. However, for low-income countries, building social protection floors requires the mobilization of four times their annual government expenditure or nearly 28 times their social protection expenditure.

23 April 2024

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